Be Aware!
When asked one time how thick a pipe work should be for an application, a colleague came out with a new set of tables from his drawer. Wow! That’s an instant solution, and how convenient. It is well in order, however, to know how the table was reached and calculated. So, one must check the assumptions indicated in the table, whenever you have one, in order to understand it more intelligently and not misuse the same valuable resource. Know your basic assumptions and fundamentals, and it is more difficult for you to commit a mistake.
Written by: Sanoy Suerte, RME /MBM; http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte
Saturday, December 26, 2009
Tuesday, December 22, 2009
Fluid Mechanics!
The volume flow formula!
The volume flow formula Q=AV; where Q=flow rate; A=cross sectional area of pipe or duct; V= velocity ; is a formula largely applied to non-compressible fluids. This same formula, however is applicable to compressible fluids, if the flow is undisturbed or approaching the laminar flow conditions, and is used to estimate flowrate in a constant condition of temperature and pressure in a pipeline, for practical purposes with little error.
Written by: Sanoy C. Suerte, RME/ MBM; Http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte
The volume flow formula Q=AV; where Q=flow rate; A=cross sectional area of pipe or duct; V= velocity ; is a formula largely applied to non-compressible fluids. This same formula, however is applicable to compressible fluids, if the flow is undisturbed or approaching the laminar flow conditions, and is used to estimate flowrate in a constant condition of temperature and pressure in a pipeline, for practical purposes with little error.
Written by: Sanoy C. Suerte, RME/ MBM; Http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte
Thursday, December 17, 2009
Steam Metering and other similar gases!
Gas and Steam flow metering!
When we are engaged in monitoring consumption or generation of gaseous materials, many people in management, or even among technical people, have the natural impulse of resorting to metering of the substance for purposes of budget monitoring and control. This in effect, results to either the purchase of sophisticated measuring facility with some computerized calculating functions for changes in the parameters on line, or inaccurate readings given by supposedly monitoring instruments that are put on line, but does not have the capability to measure instantaneous changes in parameters, like temperature and pressure.
We know for a fact that when temperature fluctuates, or when pressure does have changes, the fluid density also changes. Ordinary orifice meters and rotating-meters or displacement meters can measure volume, and mass based on fixed conditions as assumptions. These meters, in the absence of pressure and temperature corrections therefore are useful only for monitoring mass flow at fixed conditions. They become less useful and inaccurate with frequent changes in temperature and pressure over long periods , and can create confusion in the interpretation of metered data.
It is not easy to explain this to some management people. In this regard, other means of measurement have to be done in cases, where computerized systems for temperature-pressure corrections are not available. Usually, a competent operations man would measure fluid usage by indirect means, like measuring the tare-weight of containers or tare liquid level of tanks holding the gases or the water usage in the case of steam systems. These methods are far more reliable and accurate, than simply putting in the pipelines a non-correction capable meter.
Understandably, these appear crude to top management, but technically, it is more accurate. There is no sense in putting on line, a beautiful meter that will just create a confusion and a lot of inaccuracy and subsequent controversy. This explains, why you seldom see a metering device in a compressed air system, and a steam system output pipeline. If they are there, they are used more for short period experiments and tactical observation purposes, wherein temperature and pressures are monitored to be constant, but seldom used as an integrating system for a long period of measurement, unless corrective computational capability is also put in place. So, the next time you see a non-correction capable metering device in a gas or steam line, be cautious , be aware and knowledgeable of the limitations and manner of their usage or applications. An inaccurate device is no better than a seemingly crude method that provides accurate measurements.
Written by: Sanoy C. Suerte, RME /MBM; Http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte
When we are engaged in monitoring consumption or generation of gaseous materials, many people in management, or even among technical people, have the natural impulse of resorting to metering of the substance for purposes of budget monitoring and control. This in effect, results to either the purchase of sophisticated measuring facility with some computerized calculating functions for changes in the parameters on line, or inaccurate readings given by supposedly monitoring instruments that are put on line, but does not have the capability to measure instantaneous changes in parameters, like temperature and pressure.
We know for a fact that when temperature fluctuates, or when pressure does have changes, the fluid density also changes. Ordinary orifice meters and rotating-meters or displacement meters can measure volume, and mass based on fixed conditions as assumptions. These meters, in the absence of pressure and temperature corrections therefore are useful only for monitoring mass flow at fixed conditions. They become less useful and inaccurate with frequent changes in temperature and pressure over long periods , and can create confusion in the interpretation of metered data.
It is not easy to explain this to some management people. In this regard, other means of measurement have to be done in cases, where computerized systems for temperature-pressure corrections are not available. Usually, a competent operations man would measure fluid usage by indirect means, like measuring the tare-weight of containers or tare liquid level of tanks holding the gases or the water usage in the case of steam systems. These methods are far more reliable and accurate, than simply putting in the pipelines a non-correction capable meter.
Understandably, these appear crude to top management, but technically, it is more accurate. There is no sense in putting on line, a beautiful meter that will just create a confusion and a lot of inaccuracy and subsequent controversy. This explains, why you seldom see a metering device in a compressed air system, and a steam system output pipeline. If they are there, they are used more for short period experiments and tactical observation purposes, wherein temperature and pressures are monitored to be constant, but seldom used as an integrating system for a long period of measurement, unless corrective computational capability is also put in place. So, the next time you see a non-correction capable metering device in a gas or steam line, be cautious , be aware and knowledgeable of the limitations and manner of their usage or applications. An inaccurate device is no better than a seemingly crude method that provides accurate measurements.
Written by: Sanoy C. Suerte, RME /MBM; Http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte
Tuesday, December 15, 2009
Bearings in Compressors!
A typical case of a Quick Failure of bearings!
In an installation that was encountered and observed, a compressor bearing failed so early (within less than four months in continuous operation) after a restoration procedure. Many failure propositions were advanced by different engineers in maintenance and by the jobber, which included the following:
1.Bearings were not original.
2.There was lack of lubrication.
3.The bearing alignment was not correct.
4.There was lack of skill in assembling the bearing.
5.The bearing was not the correct one for the service.
6.The clearance was not correct.
The bearings were again replaced, and again the replacement bearings failed for the second time in less than one day operation. Replacement of bearings were again made for the third time, and the same thing happened. Noteworthy to consider was the fact that the cost of the bearings were substantial, because these were about six (6) inch diameter roller and ball bearings, with some thrust capability. In the end, the jobber was asked to verify the original bearing casing center, and it was learned that the work was subcontracted to a shop that may not have been able to find the original centers, due to the need to rebuild the casing or bearing housings, which were damaged during the first failure. In this connection, all efforts were directed by the jobber’s new shop service provider, to the restoration of the bearing alignment and centering back to the original installation.
The procedure of the OEM may not have been replicated locally the first time, to the extent that the bearing subsequently improved in its performance only, but continued to give a noisy operation and a non-stable air gap performance between air lobes (screws). In this regard, it is deemed high-time to bring the matter to the OEM shop for trade-in and replacement of a new service unit. Some OEM machineries and skills are not totally replicable by less qualified local shops . Hence, to save further inconvenience and uneconomical operation, it is advised that the OEM should be brought in. When local efforts fail so dismally after the first service restoration process, and several times thereafter, the recourse to the OEM becomes obvious and much more logical. Further local efforts may find the solution, but only at the expense of long term operational potential losses.
Written by: Sanoy C. Suerte, RME /MBM; http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte
In an installation that was encountered and observed, a compressor bearing failed so early (within less than four months in continuous operation) after a restoration procedure. Many failure propositions were advanced by different engineers in maintenance and by the jobber, which included the following:
1.Bearings were not original.
2.There was lack of lubrication.
3.The bearing alignment was not correct.
4.There was lack of skill in assembling the bearing.
5.The bearing was not the correct one for the service.
6.The clearance was not correct.
The bearings were again replaced, and again the replacement bearings failed for the second time in less than one day operation. Replacement of bearings were again made for the third time, and the same thing happened. Noteworthy to consider was the fact that the cost of the bearings were substantial, because these were about six (6) inch diameter roller and ball bearings, with some thrust capability. In the end, the jobber was asked to verify the original bearing casing center, and it was learned that the work was subcontracted to a shop that may not have been able to find the original centers, due to the need to rebuild the casing or bearing housings, which were damaged during the first failure. In this connection, all efforts were directed by the jobber’s new shop service provider, to the restoration of the bearing alignment and centering back to the original installation.
The procedure of the OEM may not have been replicated locally the first time, to the extent that the bearing subsequently improved in its performance only, but continued to give a noisy operation and a non-stable air gap performance between air lobes (screws). In this regard, it is deemed high-time to bring the matter to the OEM shop for trade-in and replacement of a new service unit. Some OEM machineries and skills are not totally replicable by less qualified local shops . Hence, to save further inconvenience and uneconomical operation, it is advised that the OEM should be brought in. When local efforts fail so dismally after the first service restoration process, and several times thereafter, the recourse to the OEM becomes obvious and much more logical. Further local efforts may find the solution, but only at the expense of long term operational potential losses.
Written by: Sanoy C. Suerte, RME /MBM; http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte
Friday, December 11, 2009
Boiler Safety!
Boiler Safety Practices!
When a boiler runs very low in water inadvertently, because of some malfunctioning in the feed water control systems, it is necessary that the boiler fire be put to the minimum and the feed water be fed right away to bring the water level to safe minimum levels. It should be noted that feed water addition is done in such speed and rate, without taking the risk of chilling the boiler tubes and the boiler casing until the liquid level appears on the gage glass. Sudden introduction of cold water and abruptly bringing the boiler to cold can warp and damage the boiler tubes or the baffles installation structures or cause some imbalance in the stresses in the boiler. A first encounter of this in boiler operations, should be enough to trigger a repair and rehab of the control mechanisms that caused the failure, so that a major catastrophic failure and a long boiler shutdown is avoided.
Written by: Sanoy C. Suerte, RME /MBM; http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte
When a boiler runs very low in water inadvertently, because of some malfunctioning in the feed water control systems, it is necessary that the boiler fire be put to the minimum and the feed water be fed right away to bring the water level to safe minimum levels. It should be noted that feed water addition is done in such speed and rate, without taking the risk of chilling the boiler tubes and the boiler casing until the liquid level appears on the gage glass. Sudden introduction of cold water and abruptly bringing the boiler to cold can warp and damage the boiler tubes or the baffles installation structures or cause some imbalance in the stresses in the boiler. A first encounter of this in boiler operations, should be enough to trigger a repair and rehab of the control mechanisms that caused the failure, so that a major catastrophic failure and a long boiler shutdown is avoided.
Written by: Sanoy C. Suerte, RME /MBM; http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte
Wednesday, December 9, 2009
Energy Conservation!
Energy Conservation Audits!
How to conduct an effective energy audit is something that requires knowledge of the amount of energy usage distribution in a particular establishment. The areas with large energy consumption, are usually the areas where a large potential for conservation is present. It is important therefore to identify these areas, and to understand the processes in the system. Familiarity with the processes is another key. Knowing, what the critical aspects are of a particular process is important, as this provides a better understanding of what the constraining factors for an energy conservation opportunity are in existence. Then a general knowledge of alternative systems available in the industry is necessary, so that more efficient ways of attaining the same objective is introduced in a given process. The investment on equipment and new technology will usually be a part of the availing of the energy saving opportunities. Normally, however, one would not see this necessary without going into the examination of the practices and methods that are currently in use.
Written by: Sanoy Suerte, RME /MBM; Http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte.
How to conduct an effective energy audit is something that requires knowledge of the amount of energy usage distribution in a particular establishment. The areas with large energy consumption, are usually the areas where a large potential for conservation is present. It is important therefore to identify these areas, and to understand the processes in the system. Familiarity with the processes is another key. Knowing, what the critical aspects are of a particular process is important, as this provides a better understanding of what the constraining factors for an energy conservation opportunity are in existence. Then a general knowledge of alternative systems available in the industry is necessary, so that more efficient ways of attaining the same objective is introduced in a given process. The investment on equipment and new technology will usually be a part of the availing of the energy saving opportunities. Normally, however, one would not see this necessary without going into the examination of the practices and methods that are currently in use.
Written by: Sanoy Suerte, RME /MBM; Http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte.
Units of Measures!
Consistency of Units of Measures! Back to basics.
One of the common source of errors in the solution of a problem in engineering is the making of the model of the problem in a model space. A model is a simplified representation of the actual problem in real life situation. It is almost exact, but not necessarily always. That is why it is called a simplified representation of a confluence.
This involves the making of free body diagrams, and the proper indication of acting forces in such a diagram.
The next common source of problem solution errors, is the an oversight or failure to use consistent units of measure. One has to examine, whether or not units of measures are similarly indicated or not. In a stress-strain problem for example, the stress can be given in Mega Pascals, and the area in mm squared or inches squared, and the unit force being sought after in newtons. Not knowing that a Pascal is in newtons/meter squared and Mega Pascals in Million Pascals can stop dead a novice or even a long time practicing engineer on his tracks to finding the solution to an urgent problem. Important system of units in common use should be made handy for easy and convenient reference always.
I was once working with a student apprentice of mine in analyzing a problem, and I was so surprised to notice that even the basic geometric principle of “alternate angles” being equal and law of sines ,have already been forgotten so easily for so short a time. Basic elements of the practice, may be useful from time to time, so these should be kept handy for possible use in the day to day business of an engineer, an architect, or a technical man for that matter. Not appreciating enough the value of simple things may provide undue inconvenience in a fast paced business environment and career setting.
Written by: Sanoy Suerte, RME /MBM; Http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte.
One of the common source of errors in the solution of a problem in engineering is the making of the model of the problem in a model space. A model is a simplified representation of the actual problem in real life situation. It is almost exact, but not necessarily always. That is why it is called a simplified representation of a confluence.
This involves the making of free body diagrams, and the proper indication of acting forces in such a diagram.
The next common source of problem solution errors, is the an oversight or failure to use consistent units of measure. One has to examine, whether or not units of measures are similarly indicated or not. In a stress-strain problem for example, the stress can be given in Mega Pascals, and the area in mm squared or inches squared, and the unit force being sought after in newtons. Not knowing that a Pascal is in newtons/meter squared and Mega Pascals in Million Pascals can stop dead a novice or even a long time practicing engineer on his tracks to finding the solution to an urgent problem. Important system of units in common use should be made handy for easy and convenient reference always.
I was once working with a student apprentice of mine in analyzing a problem, and I was so surprised to notice that even the basic geometric principle of “alternate angles” being equal and law of sines ,have already been forgotten so easily for so short a time. Basic elements of the practice, may be useful from time to time, so these should be kept handy for possible use in the day to day business of an engineer, an architect, or a technical man for that matter. Not appreciating enough the value of simple things may provide undue inconvenience in a fast paced business environment and career setting.
Written by: Sanoy Suerte, RME /MBM; Http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte.
Upcoming book for publication in Amazon
GrowingUp the Leaders of Tomorrow:
Insights for everyday living and Leadership preparations in business management .
Author: Sanoy C. Suerte, RME/MBM
Vol.1, November 2009
This tract is written and dedicated to young people, ages 16-40 years old, who are paving their way to become leaders and managers of business today and in the not so distant future ahead of them. People, who may have the early encounter and inclination towards the call of business as a youngster, or student and college graduates/non-graduates alike, who have decided to explore the world of business and necessarily the principles of management that go right along with it. This mini-book is only one of a series to be written in several volumes, similar to an ongoing compilation of articles, written by an author for different fora to help build a new generation of well balanced, humane oriented management and business practitioners, highly aware of the needs of the common man and society in general for sustainable development, and sound business principles. Being more of a compilation of important thoughts and philosophies than a normal standard pedagogical textual material, the series is arranged more liberally as a loose compilation of wisdom, purposely deviating from the normal logic of the common text book type of organization. May the younger generation continue to build a better society than they have found it.
Http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte
Insights for everyday living and Leadership preparations in business management .
Author: Sanoy C. Suerte, RME/MBM
Vol.1, November 2009
This tract is written and dedicated to young people, ages 16-40 years old, who are paving their way to become leaders and managers of business today and in the not so distant future ahead of them. People, who may have the early encounter and inclination towards the call of business as a youngster, or student and college graduates/non-graduates alike, who have decided to explore the world of business and necessarily the principles of management that go right along with it. This mini-book is only one of a series to be written in several volumes, similar to an ongoing compilation of articles, written by an author for different fora to help build a new generation of well balanced, humane oriented management and business practitioners, highly aware of the needs of the common man and society in general for sustainable development, and sound business principles. Being more of a compilation of important thoughts and philosophies than a normal standard pedagogical textual material, the series is arranged more liberally as a loose compilation of wisdom, purposely deviating from the normal logic of the common text book type of organization. May the younger generation continue to build a better society than they have found it.
Http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte
Boiler Economics!
How do you justify the replaceability of a vintage boiler?
It shouldn’t be forgotten, that the cost of fuel running your boiler may have already changed in several folds after installation. It is likely so to have increased fuel cost bills at least 2-5 times, or even more, depending upon the span of time that had elapsed, since you first installed your boiler unit. An efficiency lost factor therefore of 5% must have multiplied also by the same number of folds, over the years in terms of energy cost, and if it’s a large consumer of fuel, then you better assess now and evaluate again those cost of operational inefficiencies, as it could certainly justify the investment of getting a more efficient boiler. A newer boiler could be specified to fit better the actual consumption for steam in your facility. It can also have better control systems and mechanisms to make air to fuel ratios more consistent. A very large boiler serving the needs of a small demand load is highly inefficient, in terms of start up cost, cycling cost, and heat losses by radiation due to large surface area exposure also. Try doing your pencil pushing in this regard. You may save your firm a fortune today and ride better, the tide of a fast changing business landscape. Ask outside help if you must. Just save energy and help your operational profitability improve your company bottom-line.
Written by: Sanoy Suerte, RME /MBM; http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte
It shouldn’t be forgotten, that the cost of fuel running your boiler may have already changed in several folds after installation. It is likely so to have increased fuel cost bills at least 2-5 times, or even more, depending upon the span of time that had elapsed, since you first installed your boiler unit. An efficiency lost factor therefore of 5% must have multiplied also by the same number of folds, over the years in terms of energy cost, and if it’s a large consumer of fuel, then you better assess now and evaluate again those cost of operational inefficiencies, as it could certainly justify the investment of getting a more efficient boiler. A newer boiler could be specified to fit better the actual consumption for steam in your facility. It can also have better control systems and mechanisms to make air to fuel ratios more consistent. A very large boiler serving the needs of a small demand load is highly inefficient, in terms of start up cost, cycling cost, and heat losses by radiation due to large surface area exposure also. Try doing your pencil pushing in this regard. You may save your firm a fortune today and ride better, the tide of a fast changing business landscape. Ask outside help if you must. Just save energy and help your operational profitability improve your company bottom-line.
Written by: Sanoy Suerte, RME /MBM; http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte
Friday, December 4, 2009
Sanoy Suerte at Amazon Kindle!
When you visit amazon u can use search words “sanoy suerte” and discover what’s in promo!@ www.amazon.com at kindle.
Thursday, December 3, 2009
Process Systems and Time!
Time Constant and Process Systems!
Depending upon the kind of devices you use in your instrumentation system and process, there will always be a time constant. It is the time delay that is incurred by the system, because of the kind of components you use in the system. If the components are such that they are slow to sense the changes that happens, it is important for you to understand that, and must relate your expectations to such time constant.
Take for example, in heat transfer by radiation. The amount of heat absorbed by a substance by radiation is directly related to its emissivity, kind of material, temperature difference of heat transfer surfaces, mass of the material absorbing heat.etc. Reaching a temperature change therefore takes some time and the time constant is somewhat fixed, given the factors involved. Be aware of this, and you will always know, what kind of expectations to have for a particular set up in a given process. When you put therefore a material to heat up in a particular oven, you must know what to expect as the time length to heat it to a certain temperature. Establish the time constant of the oven, given a material mass and you will always be able to predict your process productivity.
Written by: Sanoy Suerte, RME /MBM; Http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte
Depending upon the kind of devices you use in your instrumentation system and process, there will always be a time constant. It is the time delay that is incurred by the system, because of the kind of components you use in the system. If the components are such that they are slow to sense the changes that happens, it is important for you to understand that, and must relate your expectations to such time constant.
Take for example, in heat transfer by radiation. The amount of heat absorbed by a substance by radiation is directly related to its emissivity, kind of material, temperature difference of heat transfer surfaces, mass of the material absorbing heat.etc. Reaching a temperature change therefore takes some time and the time constant is somewhat fixed, given the factors involved. Be aware of this, and you will always know, what kind of expectations to have for a particular set up in a given process. When you put therefore a material to heat up in a particular oven, you must know what to expect as the time length to heat it to a certain temperature. Establish the time constant of the oven, given a material mass and you will always be able to predict your process productivity.
Written by: Sanoy Suerte, RME /MBM; Http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte
Saturday, November 28, 2009
Pipe thickness calculation!
Pipe Thickness determination!
A pipe is looked upon as a simple thin walled cylinder case in many instances, ie. The wall thickness consideration is negligible compared to the pipe diameter, and the diameter determination is reasonably accurate due to the negligible thickness assumption. It follows the basic analysis and calculations we often encounter in our basic training in the under graduate school. The pressure inside the pipe or its designed pressure (P) is first taken into account. say 10 Newtons/mm2. Then, the pipe diameter (D) is determined, based on consideration of pressure drops, and/or fluid flow expected. Assuming the diameter has been determined as 100 mm, a crossed sectional area can be calculated; the crossed-sectional area is then multiplied with the pressure, indicating the separating force inside the pipe. Remember that the same pressure at a particular point acts in all directions; it is a basic principle in fluid mechanics. Knowing your kind of pipe material, will give you the allowable theoretical pipe stress (S) in Newtons/mm2. The thickness (T) of the pipe will then be calculated using the formula below:
T= PD / 2S ; where T= mm ;P=Newton/mm2 ; D=mm; S= Newton/mm2
The theoretical computation is then compared to the nearest thickness available in the market, considering, possible pipe erosion and corrosion rate allowances per year, and desired operating life. Economic considerations, such as interest rate, pipe price escalation factor, and first cost of pipes are then taken into consideration, as well as the pipe supports costs, downtime cost consideration and affordability. In cases of special fluids being handled, the result of the thickness calculation is also referred to existing professional codes or building regulations adopted by local authorities or professional associations.
Written by: Sanoy Suerte, RME/MBM; Http://businessmanage.sosblog.com; Http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte
A pipe is looked upon as a simple thin walled cylinder case in many instances, ie. The wall thickness consideration is negligible compared to the pipe diameter, and the diameter determination is reasonably accurate due to the negligible thickness assumption. It follows the basic analysis and calculations we often encounter in our basic training in the under graduate school. The pressure inside the pipe or its designed pressure (P) is first taken into account. say 10 Newtons/mm2. Then, the pipe diameter (D) is determined, based on consideration of pressure drops, and/or fluid flow expected. Assuming the diameter has been determined as 100 mm, a crossed sectional area can be calculated; the crossed-sectional area is then multiplied with the pressure, indicating the separating force inside the pipe. Remember that the same pressure at a particular point acts in all directions; it is a basic principle in fluid mechanics. Knowing your kind of pipe material, will give you the allowable theoretical pipe stress (S) in Newtons/mm2. The thickness (T) of the pipe will then be calculated using the formula below:
T= PD / 2S ; where T= mm ;P=Newton/mm2 ; D=mm; S= Newton/mm2
The theoretical computation is then compared to the nearest thickness available in the market, considering, possible pipe erosion and corrosion rate allowances per year, and desired operating life. Economic considerations, such as interest rate, pipe price escalation factor, and first cost of pipes are then taken into consideration, as well as the pipe supports costs, downtime cost consideration and affordability. In cases of special fluids being handled, the result of the thickness calculation is also referred to existing professional codes or building regulations adopted by local authorities or professional associations.
Written by: Sanoy Suerte, RME/MBM; Http://businessmanage.sosblog.com; Http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte
Wednesday, November 25, 2009
Steam Pipes!
Steam pipe sizing!
Two approaches can be used for sizing steam piping in a steam system. It could either be by: a) steam velocity method or b) pressure drop method. In the case of steam velocity method, the preferred velocity is between 15-35 meters/sec. The lower end is more ideal, in order to minimize pressure drops. In the first approach, the specific weight of the steam will have to be averaged, and assumed. When the pipeline is short, the higher velocities can be used. In long pipe runs, however, wherein the pressure drops are critical and important, the pressure drop method is a better approach. Special tables from OEMs and handbooks can provide the empirical data for the piping table data, and help in the pipe size specifications writing. Note that too high a velocity in a steam piping can produce erosion of pipes, high pressure drops and too much noise. Correct pipe sizing would preclude such problems to the benefit of the installation owner and operator.
Written by: Sanoy Suerte, RME/MBM; Http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte
Http://businessmanage.sosblog.com
Two approaches can be used for sizing steam piping in a steam system. It could either be by: a) steam velocity method or b) pressure drop method. In the case of steam velocity method, the preferred velocity is between 15-35 meters/sec. The lower end is more ideal, in order to minimize pressure drops. In the first approach, the specific weight of the steam will have to be averaged, and assumed. When the pipeline is short, the higher velocities can be used. In long pipe runs, however, wherein the pressure drops are critical and important, the pressure drop method is a better approach. Special tables from OEMs and handbooks can provide the empirical data for the piping table data, and help in the pipe size specifications writing. Note that too high a velocity in a steam piping can produce erosion of pipes, high pressure drops and too much noise. Correct pipe sizing would preclude such problems to the benefit of the installation owner and operator.
Written by: Sanoy Suerte, RME/MBM; Http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte
Http://businessmanage.sosblog.com
Tuesday, November 24, 2009
Steam Piping Care!
Steam pipings!
Whenever one sees steam pipings around the plant, or in your apartments/ residential buildings, they would look ordinary and seem to be just like any other kinds of water pipes, but they are not. They have very special design thoughts incorporated in them, and if not maintained properly, a lot of inefficiencies could result, as well as various types of problems, like corrosion, water logging, water hammer, and early failure. Steam pipings are lagged with insulation materials and the insulation materials are protected from being soaked with water by sheet metal claddings. If the insulation is soaked in water, you can be sure that the heat loss could increase by as much as 50x compared to heat loss from a pipe giving heat directly to dry air. Bare hot pipes are also very costly in terms of operating costs. Whenever, the insulation therefore are damaged, they should be repaired immediately, and the insulation properly replaced.
So, why do we need extra care to make sure the hot pipes are well insulated? There are several reasons for this. The first one is prevention of energy loss or heat dissipation along the pipeline, so that the heat reaches its point of application. The other reason is for safety or protection of personnel. The next reason is to avoid too much condensation along the pipeline, which may overload the steam traps that remove the condensates from the system, and the fourth one is to make your operation for your particular application effective.and efficient. Note also that water in the pipeline creates water hammer that can cause a pipeline to be damaged.
There are also other things put by the designer in your piping system. Some of these include pipe alignments designed to drain the condensate in the direction of the steam flow; expansion system to keep the line from breaking during heat ups and cool downs; pipe supports that maintain pipe grade and alignments; steam trap system using different principles in engineering like temperature actuated or condensate level actuated devices, and some other different combination of principles based on these two design principles; and air removal systems or dryness maintaining devices for your steam quality safeguards. Frequent inspection and audits need be undertaken to check on these specific designed items, and replacement of fittings and devices need be initiated to ensure the most economical operation of the system once found damaged or defective. An energy conservation engineer or a steam piping expert should be able to determine this properly for you. If you need one, you can ask around from your local association of mechanical engineers or energy management engineers.
You can also email the undersigned at sanysue@lycos.com for any questions you have.
Written by: Sanoy Suerte, RME/MBM; http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte; http://businessmanage.sosblog.com
Whenever one sees steam pipings around the plant, or in your apartments/ residential buildings, they would look ordinary and seem to be just like any other kinds of water pipes, but they are not. They have very special design thoughts incorporated in them, and if not maintained properly, a lot of inefficiencies could result, as well as various types of problems, like corrosion, water logging, water hammer, and early failure. Steam pipings are lagged with insulation materials and the insulation materials are protected from being soaked with water by sheet metal claddings. If the insulation is soaked in water, you can be sure that the heat loss could increase by as much as 50x compared to heat loss from a pipe giving heat directly to dry air. Bare hot pipes are also very costly in terms of operating costs. Whenever, the insulation therefore are damaged, they should be repaired immediately, and the insulation properly replaced.
So, why do we need extra care to make sure the hot pipes are well insulated? There are several reasons for this. The first one is prevention of energy loss or heat dissipation along the pipeline, so that the heat reaches its point of application. The other reason is for safety or protection of personnel. The next reason is to avoid too much condensation along the pipeline, which may overload the steam traps that remove the condensates from the system, and the fourth one is to make your operation for your particular application effective.and efficient. Note also that water in the pipeline creates water hammer that can cause a pipeline to be damaged.
There are also other things put by the designer in your piping system. Some of these include pipe alignments designed to drain the condensate in the direction of the steam flow; expansion system to keep the line from breaking during heat ups and cool downs; pipe supports that maintain pipe grade and alignments; steam trap system using different principles in engineering like temperature actuated or condensate level actuated devices, and some other different combination of principles based on these two design principles; and air removal systems or dryness maintaining devices for your steam quality safeguards. Frequent inspection and audits need be undertaken to check on these specific designed items, and replacement of fittings and devices need be initiated to ensure the most economical operation of the system once found damaged or defective. An energy conservation engineer or a steam piping expert should be able to determine this properly for you. If you need one, you can ask around from your local association of mechanical engineers or energy management engineers.
You can also email the undersigned at sanysue@lycos.com for any questions you have.
Written by: Sanoy Suerte, RME/MBM; http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte; http://businessmanage.sosblog.com
Monday, November 23, 2009
Steam Energy Conservation!
Steam –Energy Savings!
The use of steam as a heating media has been taken lightly many times. People are sometimes not aware that a lot of energy could be wasted by not using the steam system properly, and by not operating the steam boiler efficiently. How steam and energy conservation is assured needs a lot of knowledge on the characteristics of steam, and it is something that needs professional expertise. Take for example, the presence of air in the steam piping system. Not all laymen know that air is an insulator, and as an insulator, it prevents an efficient transfer of heat. Very few laymen know also that air causes corrosion of the piping system. And still, very few are aware that operating the steam system at a higher pressure means, more energy required to generate steam, and operating it at very low pressure, might mean unequal distribution of heat at various locations of the system and increase generation of condensate water. Which parameters are causing you a problem, may not be too obvious for the lay person. The cost could submarine in the company books of accounts, and can mean a lot in terms of money value and equipment life or need to recapitalize investments in equipment for so short a period of time. When was the last time you checked your boiler water and feed-water quality? Was the result good? Are you within the prescribed parameters by your OEM? The next time you get a bad result, try checking your boiler tubes conditions also. When you do, try having your insulations and steam trap conditions surveyed.
Written by: Sanoy C. Suerte, RME/MBM ; Http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte
Http://businessmanage.sosblog.com
The use of steam as a heating media has been taken lightly many times. People are sometimes not aware that a lot of energy could be wasted by not using the steam system properly, and by not operating the steam boiler efficiently. How steam and energy conservation is assured needs a lot of knowledge on the characteristics of steam, and it is something that needs professional expertise. Take for example, the presence of air in the steam piping system. Not all laymen know that air is an insulator, and as an insulator, it prevents an efficient transfer of heat. Very few laymen know also that air causes corrosion of the piping system. And still, very few are aware that operating the steam system at a higher pressure means, more energy required to generate steam, and operating it at very low pressure, might mean unequal distribution of heat at various locations of the system and increase generation of condensate water. Which parameters are causing you a problem, may not be too obvious for the lay person. The cost could submarine in the company books of accounts, and can mean a lot in terms of money value and equipment life or need to recapitalize investments in equipment for so short a period of time. When was the last time you checked your boiler water and feed-water quality? Was the result good? Are you within the prescribed parameters by your OEM? The next time you get a bad result, try checking your boiler tubes conditions also. When you do, try having your insulations and steam trap conditions surveyed.
Written by: Sanoy C. Suerte, RME/MBM ; Http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte
Http://businessmanage.sosblog.com
Saturday, November 21, 2009
Equipment Selection and Standardization!
Standardization in Equipment Selection!
Many engineers and their business organizations, prefer to standardize on certain equipment brands, mainly for parts interchangeability. Some people, however follow this rule blindly, like a donkey is led by its owner, wherein it simply follows; otherwise it gets the “the whip”. But every selection can be different, and parts interchangeability, may not even be a practical consideration for a large variety of reasons. Obsolescence is one of them; meaning to say, the old model is no longer in production or in the market. Another reason could be, that sizes and capacity of the new units, being selected are entirely different from the older units. Still another reason, could be, that better efficiencies and technology are now at hand. Newer technologies may have evolved over a period in time, and better efficiencies using a different design philosophy in the control system could now be available. Also, the older equipment could have existing design weaknesses and defects, that have already been outdone by the other newer models. So, the next time that you are confronted with an equipment selection, don’t “stick your neck out” in the name of commonality of brand relative to the existing units you now possess. The benefits of parts commonality and inter-changeability, may not be true in your specific case after all.
Written by: Sanoy Suerte, RME/MBM; Http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte; Http://businessmanage.sosblog.com; Http://suerte-sanisan.blogspot.com
Many engineers and their business organizations, prefer to standardize on certain equipment brands, mainly for parts interchangeability. Some people, however follow this rule blindly, like a donkey is led by its owner, wherein it simply follows; otherwise it gets the “the whip”. But every selection can be different, and parts interchangeability, may not even be a practical consideration for a large variety of reasons. Obsolescence is one of them; meaning to say, the old model is no longer in production or in the market. Another reason could be, that sizes and capacity of the new units, being selected are entirely different from the older units. Still another reason, could be, that better efficiencies and technology are now at hand. Newer technologies may have evolved over a period in time, and better efficiencies using a different design philosophy in the control system could now be available. Also, the older equipment could have existing design weaknesses and defects, that have already been outdone by the other newer models. So, the next time that you are confronted with an equipment selection, don’t “stick your neck out” in the name of commonality of brand relative to the existing units you now possess. The benefits of parts commonality and inter-changeability, may not be true in your specific case after all.
Written by: Sanoy Suerte, RME/MBM; Http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte; Http://businessmanage.sosblog.com; Http://suerte-sanisan.blogspot.com
Friday, November 20, 2009
Seeing!
Seeing and Discovery!
One can look and never see! Knowledge and experience can serve as the microscope and open-mindedness as the clear compass to the discovery of the solutions.—
Sanoy Suerte, RME/MBM; HTTP://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte
One can look and never see! Knowledge and experience can serve as the microscope and open-mindedness as the clear compass to the discovery of the solutions.—
Sanoy Suerte, RME/MBM; HTTP://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte
Wednesday, November 18, 2009
Energy and Energy Conservation!
Energy Conservation!
Energy conservation now goes beyond just switching off your lights, and power using equipment in the building , whenever not in use. It starts from the design and acquisition stage, by deciding on the most efficient and economical configuration. Flexibility and adaptability of unit sizing can also spell the difference;like having several small units vis-à-vis one big unit. Sometimes, retrofitting of some facilities, and at times, replacement of inefficient energy consuming equipment by more efficient ones are more beneficial than the status quo.
If your total energy cost is considered by you as something substantial, it pays to have an energy audit ordered. Energy audits, reveal where your potential savings could be and how you can save energy. Some energy audits can result to projects that are financed by the savings, so that they are called self-liquidating ventures. So, the next time you have some concerns about rising cost of energy in your building operations or factory operations, try having an energy audit. The cost of the audit usually could be recovered by your savings, and may not be a cost after all.
Written by: Sanoy Suerte-RME/MBM
Http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte
Http://suerte-sanisan.blogspot.com
Http://businessmanage.sosblog.com
Energy conservation now goes beyond just switching off your lights, and power using equipment in the building , whenever not in use. It starts from the design and acquisition stage, by deciding on the most efficient and economical configuration. Flexibility and adaptability of unit sizing can also spell the difference;like having several small units vis-à-vis one big unit. Sometimes, retrofitting of some facilities, and at times, replacement of inefficient energy consuming equipment by more efficient ones are more beneficial than the status quo.
If your total energy cost is considered by you as something substantial, it pays to have an energy audit ordered. Energy audits, reveal where your potential savings could be and how you can save energy. Some energy audits can result to projects that are financed by the savings, so that they are called self-liquidating ventures. So, the next time you have some concerns about rising cost of energy in your building operations or factory operations, try having an energy audit. The cost of the audit usually could be recovered by your savings, and may not be a cost after all.
Written by: Sanoy Suerte-RME/MBM
Http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte
Http://suerte-sanisan.blogspot.com
Http://businessmanage.sosblog.com
HVAC ! High rise buildings!
Refrigeration and Airconditioning!
Whenever and wherever a high rise building is being constructed, the issue of air conditioning is an innate part of planning. Things being considered are sizing of the air conditioning units, total loads to be handled, and whether or not a centralized unit is to be used, or individual air-con units, or a mixed design. The ultimate verdict in this will usually be determined based on certain assumptions, which may involve level of occupancy and frequency of occupancy, and the size of the spaces that are to be used at the same time. In a centralized air conditioning strategy, decisions have to be made as to air cooled condensing units or water cooled condensing units, and the maker of the entire chiller systems.
There are many well known makers and suppliers of chillers and HVAC systems. To evaluate the selection, one must look into the available capacities, type of compression systems, refrigerant in use, local availability of follow up service after sales, efficiency of the units, energy consumption, acquisition cost, and total life cycle cost, considering operating materials and supplies cost, and warranty provisions. It is very easy to just jump into a particular design and supplier on the basis of apparent cost, and similarity in design, not knowing the hidden costs, and trade-offs. In this regard, it is advisable to consult a mechanical engineer in this practice and to require each supplier to propose their basic design proposal for a particular installation.
Written by: Sanoy Suerte-RME/MBM
Http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte
Http://suerte-sanisan.blogspot.com
Http://businessmanage.sosblog.com
Whenever and wherever a high rise building is being constructed, the issue of air conditioning is an innate part of planning. Things being considered are sizing of the air conditioning units, total loads to be handled, and whether or not a centralized unit is to be used, or individual air-con units, or a mixed design. The ultimate verdict in this will usually be determined based on certain assumptions, which may involve level of occupancy and frequency of occupancy, and the size of the spaces that are to be used at the same time. In a centralized air conditioning strategy, decisions have to be made as to air cooled condensing units or water cooled condensing units, and the maker of the entire chiller systems.
There are many well known makers and suppliers of chillers and HVAC systems. To evaluate the selection, one must look into the available capacities, type of compression systems, refrigerant in use, local availability of follow up service after sales, efficiency of the units, energy consumption, acquisition cost, and total life cycle cost, considering operating materials and supplies cost, and warranty provisions. It is very easy to just jump into a particular design and supplier on the basis of apparent cost, and similarity in design, not knowing the hidden costs, and trade-offs. In this regard, it is advisable to consult a mechanical engineer in this practice and to require each supplier to propose their basic design proposal for a particular installation.
Written by: Sanoy Suerte-RME/MBM
Http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte
Http://suerte-sanisan.blogspot.com
Http://businessmanage.sosblog.com
Tuesday, November 17, 2009
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Engineering Mastery!
Mastering Engineering!
One of the basic strength of an engineering practitioner is in the knowledge of the basic system of units, and the conversion of units from one standard system to the other. This knowledge is as basic as learning the letters of the alphabet , and knowing the vowels and the phonetic sounds. Without mastering these basic things by heart, one will always find difficulty in mastering engineering, and figuring out how much quantity in units of measure is involved in the calculations. Engineering is a quantitative profession. Time and again, calculations are made and units of measures are used to describe quantities of almost anything that one can think of. Even the description of the ratings and capacities of things are quantifications of what a thing can do, what it can be used for, and can not be used for. So, if you want to master engineering, be comfortable with your system of units. Learn it by heart like your ABCs and your multiplication table.
Written by: Sanoy Suerte, RME/MBM; http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte
One of the basic strength of an engineering practitioner is in the knowledge of the basic system of units, and the conversion of units from one standard system to the other. This knowledge is as basic as learning the letters of the alphabet , and knowing the vowels and the phonetic sounds. Without mastering these basic things by heart, one will always find difficulty in mastering engineering, and figuring out how much quantity in units of measure is involved in the calculations. Engineering is a quantitative profession. Time and again, calculations are made and units of measures are used to describe quantities of almost anything that one can think of. Even the description of the ratings and capacities of things are quantifications of what a thing can do, what it can be used for, and can not be used for. So, if you want to master engineering, be comfortable with your system of units. Learn it by heart like your ABCs and your multiplication table.
Written by: Sanoy Suerte, RME/MBM; http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte
Monday, November 16, 2009
Saturday, November 14, 2009
Compressed Air Receivers!
Sizing and Location of Air Receivers!
Air receivers are air tanks, placed in the compressed air system to serve as air supply buffers or demand surge tanks. Proper sizing of these tanks and correct location means a lot, depending upon the type of loads at hand, and what kinds of applications are being done at the load side.
Normally, an air receiver tank is placed to take care of demand fluctuations, and to take care for a 30second demand, time constant in the system. This will enable the air compressors to react to increases in demands, within thirty seconds, and at same time prevent a too large a drop in the overall system pressure. The system pressure, however, is not entirely dependent on the sizing of the compressors, and its reaction time. It is also dependent on the pipe sizing and the load demand. Assuming, the pipe sizing and load demand were properly designed, then the air receiver size will be more likely to be functioning as a buffer stock storage, and allowance for the compressor reaction time (usually within 30 seconds). To quantify this, one should calculate the capacity of the compressor to deliver vis-à-vis the load demand fluctuation in 30 seconds time. This can easily be determined by the general gas laws principles, and system calculations using quasi-static conditions, as your assumptions.
What about the locations of the air receivers? Normally, air receivers that are located immediately after the compressors, and situated before the refrigerated air dryers or dessicant dryers, will have the extra benefit of cooling the compressed air at the receiver, and serve as better collection tanks for moisture due to saturation. In system designs like these, the work load for the air dryers is lesser. The air dryers, however that have frequently varying loads in this design case, may also render the air quality to vary too much in certain installations. If the air demand fluctuations are too frequent, the high possibility of an undesirable air quality is present, especially if the air dryer sizing have not been given enough capacity allowance. Even then, the former arrangement, have still been proven to have reduced the energy consumption of the air dryer better, compared to the latter old conventional design of having air receivers after the air dryers. Author:http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte
Air receivers are air tanks, placed in the compressed air system to serve as air supply buffers or demand surge tanks. Proper sizing of these tanks and correct location means a lot, depending upon the type of loads at hand, and what kinds of applications are being done at the load side.
Normally, an air receiver tank is placed to take care of demand fluctuations, and to take care for a 30second demand, time constant in the system. This will enable the air compressors to react to increases in demands, within thirty seconds, and at same time prevent a too large a drop in the overall system pressure. The system pressure, however, is not entirely dependent on the sizing of the compressors, and its reaction time. It is also dependent on the pipe sizing and the load demand. Assuming, the pipe sizing and load demand were properly designed, then the air receiver size will be more likely to be functioning as a buffer stock storage, and allowance for the compressor reaction time (usually within 30 seconds). To quantify this, one should calculate the capacity of the compressor to deliver vis-à-vis the load demand fluctuation in 30 seconds time. This can easily be determined by the general gas laws principles, and system calculations using quasi-static conditions, as your assumptions.
What about the locations of the air receivers? Normally, air receivers that are located immediately after the compressors, and situated before the refrigerated air dryers or dessicant dryers, will have the extra benefit of cooling the compressed air at the receiver, and serve as better collection tanks for moisture due to saturation. In system designs like these, the work load for the air dryers is lesser. The air dryers, however that have frequently varying loads in this design case, may also render the air quality to vary too much in certain installations. If the air demand fluctuations are too frequent, the high possibility of an undesirable air quality is present, especially if the air dryer sizing have not been given enough capacity allowance. Even then, the former arrangement, have still been proven to have reduced the energy consumption of the air dryer better, compared to the latter old conventional design of having air receivers after the air dryers. Author:http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte
Friday, November 13, 2009
Low Compressed Air Problems?
Question: When you have a low compressed air pressure often, do you buy a new unit to increase your plant capacity ?
No. Not yet!
There are certain things that you need to sort out under such situation, and one of these is for you to understand your problem. Meaning, you try to make your problem clearer by getting into the specifics. Some questions you need to answer are:
1.Where is the problem occurring?
2.What causes it? What are the circumstances, when such problem is observed?
3.When does it occur?
4.How often does it happen?
5.By how much is your capacity lacking in terms of pressure drop and cfm, and recovery time?
6.What can you afford to do in the interim? Can you shed off some loads?
You also have to do the following:
1.Lay-down the entire plant piping system in front of you.
2.Put pressure gages at strategic locations.
3.Tag your pressure gages with an identification number.
4.Have your people simultaneously read the pressure gages at specific intervals.
5.Tabulate all pressure readings, and compare all the readings.
6.Analyze the characteristic of each end user load.
7.Quantify your losses for a drop in air pressure.
8.Develop alternative counter-measures.
9.Define the cost of alternative counter-measures.
10.Define the pros and cons of alternative counter-measures.
11.Select and justify your solution.
The cost of buying a new unit may not be the only consideration in an evaluation like this. It may involve the construction of some building cover, additional pipings, some foundation works, electrical supply cabling, and some switch gears. These must be considered as part of the total cost. The project time table will also need to be established and considered.
When selecting new and additional units to operate, one also needs to consider the life cycle cost of the equipment being procured. This means, you have to know the relative efficiencies of alternative units and consider the electric power consumption cost, operating strategy to meet the base loads, and the cost of the spare parts and supplies in the long term. Some supplies have to be imported, and some support dealer -companies may not be situated nearby, so you need to consider availability. There are many more things to consider, when looking into expanding your plant capacity. It may be worthwhile investigating your selection and rationalized them according to your goals, and needed flexibility. You will be married to your choice for a good number of years, and flexibility you require, may not be there from the very start, if your choice is wrong.
The foregoing process steps had been applied and proven effective by the author in past projects, and in one particular case, the procurement of new units and capital investment was ably postponed for six (6) years, which at an interest cost factor of 20% already paid for the cost of the units, when procurement was finally made.
Should you need more advice in this regard, you can contact the author for some help. The author is within reach at http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte and http://businessmanage.sosblog.com .
No. Not yet!
There are certain things that you need to sort out under such situation, and one of these is for you to understand your problem. Meaning, you try to make your problem clearer by getting into the specifics. Some questions you need to answer are:
1.Where is the problem occurring?
2.What causes it? What are the circumstances, when such problem is observed?
3.When does it occur?
4.How often does it happen?
5.By how much is your capacity lacking in terms of pressure drop and cfm, and recovery time?
6.What can you afford to do in the interim? Can you shed off some loads?
You also have to do the following:
1.Lay-down the entire plant piping system in front of you.
2.Put pressure gages at strategic locations.
3.Tag your pressure gages with an identification number.
4.Have your people simultaneously read the pressure gages at specific intervals.
5.Tabulate all pressure readings, and compare all the readings.
6.Analyze the characteristic of each end user load.
7.Quantify your losses for a drop in air pressure.
8.Develop alternative counter-measures.
9.Define the cost of alternative counter-measures.
10.Define the pros and cons of alternative counter-measures.
11.Select and justify your solution.
The cost of buying a new unit may not be the only consideration in an evaluation like this. It may involve the construction of some building cover, additional pipings, some foundation works, electrical supply cabling, and some switch gears. These must be considered as part of the total cost. The project time table will also need to be established and considered.
When selecting new and additional units to operate, one also needs to consider the life cycle cost of the equipment being procured. This means, you have to know the relative efficiencies of alternative units and consider the electric power consumption cost, operating strategy to meet the base loads, and the cost of the spare parts and supplies in the long term. Some supplies have to be imported, and some support dealer -companies may not be situated nearby, so you need to consider availability. There are many more things to consider, when looking into expanding your plant capacity. It may be worthwhile investigating your selection and rationalized them according to your goals, and needed flexibility. You will be married to your choice for a good number of years, and flexibility you require, may not be there from the very start, if your choice is wrong.
The foregoing process steps had been applied and proven effective by the author in past projects, and in one particular case, the procurement of new units and capital investment was ably postponed for six (6) years, which at an interest cost factor of 20% already paid for the cost of the units, when procurement was finally made.
Should you need more advice in this regard, you can contact the author for some help. The author is within reach at http://www.linkedin.com/in/sannysuerte and http://businessmanage.sosblog.com .
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